CONTRACT

Contract: translation

Contract
The canonical and moralist doctrine on this subject is a development of that contained in the Roman civil law. In civil law, a contract is defined as the union of several persons in a coincident expression of will by which their legal relations are determined

Catholic Encyclopedia..2006.

Contract
    Contract
     Catholic_Encyclopedia Contract
    (Latin contractus; Old French contract; Modern French contrat; Italian contratto).
    I. THE CANONICAL AND MORALIST DOCTRINE
    The canonical and moralist doctrine on this subject is a development of that contained in the Roman civil law. In Roman law a mere agreement between two parties to give, do, or refrain from doing something was a nude pact (pactum nudum) which gave rise to no civil obligation, and no action lay to enforce it. It needed to be clothed in some investitive fact which the law recognized in order to give rise to a civil obligation which should be enforced at law. Not that the nude pact was considered to be destitute of all binding force; it gave rise to a natural obligation, and it might afford ground for a legal exception.A man of honour would keep his engagements even if he knew that the law could not be invoked to compel him to do so. Moral theology, being the science of Christian conduct, could not be satisfied with the mere legal view of the effect of an agreement. If the agreement had all other requisites for a valid contract, moral theology must necessarily consider it to be binding, even though it was a nude pact and could not be enforced in the courts of law. Canon law made this moral attitude its own. In the Decretals of Gregory IX it is expressly laid down that pacts, however nude, must be kept, and that a strenuous endeavour must be made to put in execution what one has promised. It thus came to pass that nude pacts could be enforced in the Christian courts, and the Church's legislation served eventually to break down the rigid formalism of Roman law, and to prepare the way for the more equitable law of contract which all Christian nations now possess.
    In the canonical and moral doctrine there is hardly room for the distinction between a nude pact, or mere agreement, and a contract. The Roman jurist's definition of the former is frequently used by canonists to define contract. They say that a contract is the consent of two or more persons to the same proposal; or, bringing out a little more definitely the effect and object of a contract, they define it to be an agreement by which two or more persons mutually bind themselves to give, do, or abstain from something. From the moralist's point of view, then, every agreement seriously entered into by those who are capable of contracting with reference to some lawful object is a contract, whether such agreement can be enforced in the civil courts or not. The intention of the parties is looked at, and if they seriously intended to bind themselves, there is a contractual relation between them. This doctrine, however, gives rise to a question of some importance. The Church fully admits and defends the right of the State to make laws for the temporal well-being of its citizens. All States require certain formalities for the validity of certain actions. Last wills and testaments are a familiar example, and although they are not strictly contracts, yet the principle is the same and they will serve for an example of what is meant. A deed, the only formal contract of English law, is another example. A will destitute of the requisite formalities is null and void at law; but what is the effect of such a voiding law in the forum of conscience? This question has been much debated among moralists. Some have maintained that such a law is binding in the internal as well as in the external forum, so that a formal contract, destitute of the formalities required by law, is null and void in conscience as it is in law. Others adopted the contrary opinion, and held that the want of formality only affected the external forum of civil law, and left intact the natural obligation arising from a contract. The common opinion takes a middle course. It holds that the want of formality, though it makes the contract void in the eyes of the law, renders it only voidable in the forum of conscience; so that, until one of the parties moves to set the contract aside, it remains valid, and anyone deriving benefit under it may enjoy his benefit in peace. If, however, the party interested moves to set it aside, and does so effectively by having recourse to the court of law if necessary, both must then abide by the law which makes the contract void and of no effect.
    There are four essential elements in a contract:
    ♦ consent of the parties,
    ♦ contractual capacity in them,
    ♦ determinate and lawful subject-matter, and
    ♦ a lawful consideration. The contract is formed by the mutual consent of the parties, which must be real, not feigned, and manifested so that each may know that the other party consents. There is no difficulty about the outward manifestation of consent when the parties enter into the contract in each other's presence. But when the parties are not present to each other, and the contract is made by letter or telegraph, it sometimes becomes a question of importance as to when and how the contract is effected. Is the contract entered into when the offeree signifies his consent by posting a letter of acceptance to the offeror, or is the knowledge of his acceptance required to complete the contract? All that is required by the nature of a contract is that there should be mutually manifested agreement of the two wills. There will be such agreement when one of the parties makes an offer to the other, and this one manifests his acceptance of the offer by posting a letter or by sending a telegram. There is then consent of two wills to the proposal, and so there is a contract. Mutual consent to the same proposal may be hindered by a mistake of one of the parties. Such mistakes are not infrequently caused by the fraud or misrepresentation of the other party. If the mistake is substantial, so that at least one of the parties thinks that the subject-matter of the contract is quite other than it really is, there will be no true consent, and no contract. Similarly, if there be a mistake about the nature of the contract proposed (as, if one party intends to sell while the other only means to borrow) there is no agreement of wills. Mistake about the mere quality of the subject-matter of the contract is accidental, not substantial, and in spite of it there may be substantial agreement between the parties. If, however, such a mistake has been caused by the fraud or misrepresentation of the other party to the contract, and the party deceived would not otherwise have entered into it, it is only fair that the deceived party should be able to protect himself from injury by retiring from the agreement. Contracts, then, entered into because of accidental mistake which was induced by the fraud or misrepresentation of the other party, will be rescindable at the option of the party deceived.
    The consent of the parties must be deliberate and free, for a perfect and grave obligation cannot arise from consent which is not deliberate or free. Hence we must see what the influence of fear is upon the validity of a contract. If the fear goes to the length of depriving one of the parties of the use of reason, he cannot, while in that state, give a valid consent, and the contract will be null and void. Fear, however, does not ordinarily produce such extreme effects; it leaves a man with the natural use of his reason and capable of consenting or withholding his consent. Even grave fear, then, does not of itself invalidate a contract, but if it is unjustly caused by the other party to the contract with a view to forcing him who is under its influence to consent, the injured party may withdraw from the contract. Some contracts, such as marriage, thus entered into under the influence of grave fear unjustly caused by the other party to the contract with the intention of compelling consent, are made invalid by canon law. Some authorities even hold that all such contracts are invalid by natural law, but the opinion is at most only probable. A person must have the use of reason in order to give valid consent to a contract, and his contractual capacity must not have been taken away by law. Those who have not yet attained the use of reason, imbeciles, and those who are perfectly drunk so that they do not know what they are doing, are incapable of contracting by the law of nature. Minors are to a certain extent restricted in their contractual capacity by English and American law. Practically, their contracts are voidable except those for necessaries. Married women were formerly incapable of entering into a valid contract, but in England since 1882 their disability has been removed, and in most of the States of the Union the same doctrine begins to prevail. Religious persons are to a greater or less extent, according as they are under solemn or simple vows, incapable of entering into a binding contract. Corporations and companies are limited in their contractual capacity by their nature or by the articles of association.
    The subject-matter of a contract must be definite and certain, it must be possible, and it must be honest. A contract cannot be a bond of iniquity, and so an agreement to commit sin is null and void. Some theologians maintain that when, in execution of a contract, a sinful action has been performed, a right is acquired to receive the price agreed upon. The opinion seems at any rate probable. If the contract is not sinful in itself, but voided by positive law, it will be valid until it is set aside by the party interested, as was said above concerning informal contracts. When persons enter into a contract, each party promises to give, do, or forbear something in favour of the other. The benefit which thus immediately arises from the contract, and which is the cause of it, is called the consideration in English law. It is a necessary element in a contract, and if it is wanting the contract is null on account of the failure of a necessary condition in the agreement. The courts of civil law will not enforce a simple contract unless there be a valuable consideration in it; mere motives of affection or moral duty will not suffice. This rule, however, only affects legal obligations; it has nothing to do with obligations in conscience. A valid contract imposes on the contracting parties an obligation of justice to act conscientiously according to the terms of the agreement. They will be bound to perform not only what they expressly agreed to do, but whatever the law, or custom, or usage prescribes in the circumstances. The obligation arising from a contract will cease when the contract has been executed, when a new one has been substituted for the old one by the free consent of the parties, when the parties mutually and freely withdraw from the contract. When one of the parties fails in what he promised, the other will, as a rule, be free. A contract may be concluded not absolutely but conditionally on the happening of some uncertain and future event. In this case the conditional contract imposes on the parties the obligation of waiting for the event, and in case it happens the contract becomes binding on them without renewal of consent. On the other hand, a contract is sometimes entered into and begins to bind at once; but the parties agree that it shall cease to bind on the happening of a certain event. This is called a condition subsequent, while the former is a condition precedent.
    II. IN CIVIL JURISPRUDENCE
    In civil law, a contract is defined as the union of several persons in a coincident expression of will by which their legal relations are determined. This "co-incident expression" consists of an agreement and promise enforceable in law, and "on the face of the matter capable of having legal effects", "an act in the law" "whereby two or more persons capable of contracting", "of doing acts in the law", "declare their consent as to any act or thing to be done or forborne by some or one of those persons for the use of the others or other of them" (Pollock, "Principles of Contract", 3rd Amer. ed., New York, 1906, 58, 1, 2, 3), the intention implied by the consent being that from the agreement and promise shall arise "duties and rights which can be dealt with by a court of justice" (ibid.). Thus, while every contract is an agreement, not every agreement is a contract. A mutual consent of two persons to walk out together, or to dine together, would be an agreement, and yet not what in jurisprudence is known as a contract. For such consent contemplates the producing of no legal right, or of any duty which is a legal obligation. Subject only to these or similar explanations may be properly adopted the time-honoured definition of contract as understood in English law, a definition commended by Chancellor Kent ("Commentaries on American Law", II, 449, note b) for its "neatness and precision", namely, "an agreement of two or more persons upon sufficient consideration to do or not to do a particular thing".
    Kinds of Contract
    The Roman civil law defined contracts as real (re), verbal (verbis), literal (litteris), or consensual (consensu). A real contract was one, such as loan or pledge, which was not perfected until something had passed from one of the parties to the other. A verbal contract (verborum obligatio), or stipulation, was perfected by a spoken formula. This formula consisted of a question by one of the parties and an exactly corresponding answer by the other. Thus: Quinque aureos mihi dare spondes? Spondeo, or Promittis? Promitto, i.e. "Do you agree (or promise) to give me five pieces of gold?" "I agree," or "I promise." The similarity may be noted of this to the modern form for administering an affidavit or for taking the acknowledgment of a written legal instrument. A literal contract was perfected by a written acknowledgment of debt and was used chiefly in the instance of a loan of money. Consensual contracts were those of which sale would be an example, which might be perfected by consent, and to which no particular form was essential. In the English law the principal division of contracts is into those by writing under seal (called specialties), and those known as simple contracts; and there are also "contracts by matter of record", such as a recognizance or judgment by confession, contracts in court, which need no further description. Simple contracts include all contracts written, but not under seal or of record, and all verbal contracts.
    A person may contract in person or by an agent. "The tendency of modern times", remarks Holland (op. cit., 118), "is towards the fullest recognition of the principles proclaimed in the canon law, potest quis per alium quod potest facere per se ipsum, qui facit per alium est perinde ac si faciat per se ipsum," i.e. one may do through another whatever one is free to do by himself, or an act done through another is equivalent to an act done by oneself.
    Requisites of Contract
    According to Roman law, such a contract as that of sale required a justa causa, namely, a good legal reason. According to English law, simple contracts require a valuable consideration, in like manner as by Roman law there was needed a justa causa. By that law, informal contracts which had no justa causa were ineffectual (Poste, op. cit., 334). Stipulations irregular in form were termed nuda pacta, i. e. mere agreements, to which the ancient law attached no obligation. The Roman jurisprudence let some engagements rest on the mere integrity of the parties who contracted them, thinking it more conducive to the cultivation of virtue to leave some things to the good faith and probity of mankind than to subject everything to the compulsory authority of the law.
    As the civil-law jurist admitted the moral obligation of good faith and probity, so an eminent English judge concedes that "by the law of nature" every man ought to fulfil his engagements. But it is equally true", he continues, "that the law of this country supplies no means nor affords any remedy to compel the performance of any agreement made without sufficient consideration." "Such agreement", he adds, "is nudum pactum ex quo non oritur actio", a mere agreement giving rise to no action at law, the learned judge conceding that this understanding of the maxim may (as it certainly does) differ from its sense in the Roman law. A moral consideration has been said to be "nothing in law." The moral obligation of a contract is of "an imperfect kind", to quote an eminent American jurist, "addressed to the conscience of the parties under the solemn admonitions of accountability to the Supreme Being" (Story, "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States", 5th ed., Boston, 1891, Section 1380), but not to an earthly court of justice. With these doctrines of the Roman and of the English law we may compare the Scottish law, according to which no consideration is essential to a legal obligation, "an obligation undertaken deliberately though gratuitously being binding". "This", adds Mackenzie (op. cit., 233) "is in conformity with the canon law by which every paction produceth action et omne verbum de ore fideli cadit in debitum", i.e. every word of a faithful man is equivalent to a debt.
    In the Roman law, fulfilment of the legal solemnities of the verbal contract was deemed to indicate such an intention of contracting a valid and effectual obligation, as to dispense with proof of any justa causa. In the English law it is not any verbal formality, but the solemnity of writing and sealing which dispenses with proof of that valuable consideration in modern English law analogous to the old Roman justa causa, and, as a general proposition, essential to the validity of simple contracts, although in the exceptional instance of negotiable paper always presumed, and in favour of certain holders conclusively. This consideration is described generally as the matter accepted or agreed upon as the equivalent for which the promise is made. And one promise would be a legal consideration for another. But the English law infers what a man chooses to bargain for to be of some value to him, and therefore does not allow the adequacy of the consideration to be inquired into. The consideration must, however, "be of some value in contemplation of law". A promise, for instance, to abstain from doing what the promisor has no right to do, is a promise of no value, and therefore no consideration for a contract. No obligation can by English law result from an agreement "immoral in a legal sense". By this is meant not only that it is morally wrong, but that according to the common understanding of reasonable men it would be a Scandal for a court of justice to treat it as lawful or indifferent, though it may not come within any positive prohibition or penalty. The civil-law authority, Pothier, instances a promise by an officer to pay a soldier for fighting "a soldier of another regiment". If the officer pay, he has no legal claim for recovery of this consideration given and received for a wrongful act, and, on the other hand, the soldier, if he fight before receiving the agreed consideration, acquires no legal claim for it against the officer (Pothier, op. cit., 23). No one is under a legal duty to fulfil a promise to do an act opposed to the policy of the law. But there are not wanting instances of contracts opposed to the policy of the law which yet conflict with no moral law.
    A contract induced by what in law is deemed to be fraud may be rescinded at the election of the party defrauded. But "general fraudulent conduct", or "general dishonesty of purpose", or mere "intention and design to deceive" is not sufficient unless these evil acts and qualities have been connected with a particular transaction, were the ground on which it took place, and gave rise to the contract. In the instance of a sale, the seller was, by the Roman civil law, held to an implied warranty that the thing sold was "free from such defects as made it unfit for the use for which it was intended" (Mackenzie, op. cit., 236). By the English law there is, if the thing be sold for a fair price and be at the time of sale in the possession of the seller, an implied warranty of title, but of quality there is no implied warranty, except as to food sold for domestic use. "The writers of the moral law," observes Chancellor Kent, "hold it to be the duty of the seller to disclose the defects which are within his knowledge. But the common law is not quite so strict. If the defects in the article sold be open equally to the observation of both parties, the law does not require the vendor to aid and assist the observation of the vendee" (Kent, op. cit., II, 484).
    Respecting what may be termed generally "motives and inducements" (ibid., 487) of a contract, the same authority cites Pothier as in accord with the doctrine of English law, "that though misrepresentation or fraud will invalidate the contract of sale, the mere concealment of material knowledge which the one party has touching the thing sold and which the other does not possess, may affect the conscience, but will not destroy the contract, for that would unduly restrict the freedom of commerce; and parties must at their own risk inform themselves of the commodities they deal in" (op. cit., 491). In a note, Cicero is referred to as favouring the view that conscience forbids the concealment, the commentator adding, "It is a little singular, however, that some of the best ethical writers, under the Christian Dispensation should complain of the moral lessons of Cicero, as being too austere in their texture, and too sublime in speculation for actual use" (ibid., note d). As fraud, so coercion, termed in English law duress, or the threat of it, constitutes a valid defense to fulfilment of a contract.
    Statutory Restrictions
    A certain French ordonnance of 1667 has been thought to have, perhaps, suggested the English statute of 1689, which recites its purpose to be "prevention of many fraudulent practices which are commonly endeavoured to be upheld by perjury and subornation of perjury". Accordingly, the statute requires that certain contracts be in writing, and those for sales of "goods, wares or merchandise of over ten pounds price" in writing, or that there be a part-delivery or part-payment. This enactment, known as the Statute of Frauds, has, with numerous variations, been embodied in statutes in the United States (except in Louisiana), carrying, to quote from the American commentator, "its influence through the whole body of our civil jurisprudence" (Kent, op. cit., 494, note a).
    By the early Roman law many contracts were enforceable by legal action after any lapse of time however long. But, to quote the Institutes, "Sacrae constitutiones....actionibus certos fines dederunt" (the imperial constitutions assigned fixed limits to actions), so that, after certain prescribed periods, no legal remedy would be provided to enforce the obligation of contracts ("The Institutes of Justinian", Bk. IV, tit. xii; Bk. II, tit. vi). Such positive restrictions on the legal remedy are in English law contained in enactments known as Statutes of Limitation (Blackstone, op. cit., Bk. III, 307). One ancient English statute fixed for limitation of certain actions the time of the coming of King John from Ireland, another statute the coronation of Henry III (Blackstone, op. cit., Bk. III, 188). But modern statutes, as well in England as throughout the United States, limit the remedy to certain periods from the time of entering into contracts, adopting the manner of the Roman constitutions. The legal maxim Leges vigilantibus non dormientibus subveniunt (the laws aid the vigilant, not the careless) is applicable to private suitors (Blackstone, op. cit.). But nullum tempos occurrit regi (no time runs against the king), and therefore, unless specially mentioned, the government is not included within the restrictions of a statute of limitations. According to ancient English legal conceptions these statutes ought not to bind the king, for the reason that he "is always busied for the public good, and therefore has not leisure to assert his right within the times limited to subjects" (ibid., Bk. I, 247).
    Inviolability of Contracts
    To secure inviolability of contracts, the Constitution of the United States (Art. 1, Sect. 10) provides that no State shall pass a "law impairing the obligation of contracts". By obligation is meant that legal obligation which exists "wherever the municipal law recognizes an absolute duty to perform a contract". And the word contract being used in this clause of the Constitution without qualification, the protection of the Constitution is not confined to executory contracts, but embraces also executed contracts, such as a grant which, because it amounts to an extinguishment of the right of the party, implies a contract not to reassert the right. And the Constitution also protects even state charters granted to private persons for private purposes, whether these be literary, charitable, religious, or commercial. (See also DONATION.)
    T. SLATER & CHARLES W. SLOANE
    Transcribed by Rick McCarty

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. — New York: Robert Appleton Company..1910.


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CONTRACT

[`kɔntræktˏ kən`trækt]контракт, договор, соглашениебрачный договор; помолвка; приданоезатея, «дело», предприятие, авантюраквартальный проездной билетза... смотреть

CONTRACT

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CONTRACT

contract: translation•Roman•I.•/Roman• noun 1 written agreementADJECTIVE ▪ long-term, permanent ▪ guaranteed (esp. AmE) ▪ casual (BrE), fixed-term ... смотреть

CONTRACT

1. сущ.1) контракт, договор, соглашение а) эк., юр. (устное или письменное соглашение между двумя и более сторонами, направленное на установление, изме... смотреть

CONTRACT

1) контракт; подряд; договор || заключать контракт; подрядиться2) сокращаться, снижаться (об экономике в период спада)- contract awarded- contract gain... смотреть

CONTRACT

I 1. [ʹkɒntrækt] n 1. договор, соглашение, контрактcontract of purchase /of sale/ - договор купли-продажиcontract of insurance - договор страхованияper... смотреть

CONTRACT

1) договор; сделка; контракт | заключать договор 2) принимать (обязанности) •contract by deed — договор за печатью, формальный договор;contract by post... смотреть

CONTRACT

1. nконтракт, договор; соглашениеto abide by a contract — соблюдать условия контрактаto abrogate a contract — расторгать контрактto accept a contract —... смотреть

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I 1. {ʹkɒntrækt} n 1. договор, соглашение, контракт ~ of purchase /of sale/ - договор купли-продажи ~ of insurance - договор страхования period ~ -... смотреть

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contract 1. n [ˊkɒntrækt] 1) контра́кт, догово́р; соглаше́ние 2) бра́чный догово́р; помо́лвка, обруче́ние 3) разг. предприя́тие (особ. строительное) 4... смотреть

CONTRACT

1. ['°€­«Ї‡°«] contract.wav сущ. 1) а) контракт, договор, соглашение Society is indeed a contract. — Общество - это в самом деле своего рода соглашение. - abrogate contract - against the contract - award contract - breach contract - break contract - cancel contract - carry out contract - conclude contract - contract law - contract price - draw up contract - execute contract - legal contract - negotiate contract - ratify contract - repudiate contract - sign contract - sweetheart contract - under the contract - valid contract - violate contract - void contract - write contract - yellow-dog contract б) - marriage contract брачный договор; помолвка; приданое Syn: betrothal • Syn: covenant, compact, bargain, agreement, treaty 2) затея, "дело", предприятие, авантюра 3) ж.-д. квартальный проездной билет 4) карт. заказ (в играх типа преферанса: взять то или иное число взяток); вист, преферанс, бридж (в зависимости от контекста) 5) сл. заказ на убийство - put a contract on smb. 2. [°†­'«Ї‡°«] гл. 1) а) заключать договор, соглашение; принимать на себя обязательство; вступать в какие-л. юридические отношения (в частности, брачные) The city contracted for a new library with their firm. — С их фирмой городские власти заключили контракт на новую библиотеку. The firm contracted to construct the bridge. — Фирма заключила договор на постройку моста. The woman claims that she contracted a form of marriage with the prisoner, who already has a wife. — Эта женщина заявляет, что заключила с арестованным нечто вроде брачного контракта, но у него уже есть жена. - contract in - contract out Syn: agree, engage б) заводить, завязать (дружбу, знакомство) He felt that he contracted his first college friendship. — Он почувствовал, что нашел своего первого друга в колледже. в) приобретать (привычку); мед. заразиться, заболеть We cannot help contracting good from such association. — В таком обществе нельзя не стать лучше. Syn: incur, catch, acquire г) делать долги; оказываться связанным обязательствами The loans contracted had amounted to 530,000,000 francs. — Общая сумма заимствований составила 530 миллионов франков. 2) а) сжимать(ся); сокращать(ся) The rocks, contracting the road. — Скалы, зажимающие между собой дорогу. He hopes shortly to contract his expense. — Он надеется вскоре сократить свои расходы. - contract efforts - contract expenses - contract muscles Syn: restrict, confine б) хмурить, морщить The companion whose brow is never contracted by resentment or indignation. — Человек, на чьем лбу никогда не видели морщин негодования или отвращения. в) лингв. стягиваться, подвергаться контракции г) объединять в себе, стягивать Why love among the virtues is not known; It is, that love contracts them all in one. — Почему любовь не числится среди добродетелей? Потому, что она объединяет их все. The king contracted formidable forces near Sedan. — Король собрал огромную мощь под Седаном. д) тех. давать усадку • Syn: concentrate, narrow, limit, shorten, shrink, knit • - contract in - contract out... смотреть

CONTRACT

contract: translationSynonyms and related words:OD, abbreviate, abridge, abstract, accept obligation, accord, acquire, affair, affiance, afflict, agree... смотреть

CONTRACT

1) контракт, комерційна угода (оборудка); підряд на роботи; угода за печаткою; заручини; шлюбна угода 2) укладати комерційну угоду; брати (шлюб); прий... смотреть

CONTRACT

contract: übersetzung contract1 v einen Vertrag schließen [abschließen, eingehen]; sich vertraglich verpflichten [binden] contract2 1. Vertrag m, Vere... смотреть

CONTRACT

contract I 1. [ʹkɒntrækt] n 1. договор, соглашение, контракт ~ of purchase /of sale/ - договор купли-продажи ~ of insurance - договор страхования pe... смотреть

CONTRACT

1) контракт, комерційна угода (оборудка); підряд на роботи; угода за печаткою; заручини; шлюбна угода 2) укладати комерційну угоду; брати (шлюб); приймати (зобов'язання); робити (борги); зав'язувати (знайомство) • contract an alliance with a foreign country — укладати союз з іноземною державою contract containing many stipulations — контракт (угода), що містить багато застережень contract made for immoral purpose — контракт, укладений з нечесною метою contract a debtcontract a dutycontract a marriagecontract an obligationcontract basiscontract bondcontract businesscontract by correspondencecontract by deedcontract by postcontract by mailcontract by specialtycontract changecontract clausecontract commitmentscontract datecontract debtscontract disciplinecontract documentscontract estoppelcontract for forward deliverycontract formcontract fraudcontract guaranteecontract hitcontract implied in lawcontract in effectcontract in restraint of tradecontract in suitcontract in writingcontract interpretationcontract killercontract killingcontract murdercontract laborcontract labourcontract laborercontract labourercontract lawcontract law enforcementcontract made under duresscontract-making powercontract malum in secontract malum prohibitumcontract migrationcontract modificationcontract notecontract obligationscontract of adhesioncontract of affreightmentcontract of agencycontract of beneficencecontract of carriagecontract of consignmentcontract of debtcontract of employmentcontract of engagementcontract of guaranteecontract of hirecontract of indemnitycontract of insurancecontract of limited durationcontract of mutual insurancecontract of partnershipcontract of purchasecontract of recordcontract of tenancycontract of work and laborcontract of work and labourcontract outcontract out of the liabilitycontract penaltycontract periodcontract pricecontract researchcontract rightcontract stamp dutycontract termscontract timecontract to buy goodscontract to perform a businesscontract to perform a servicecontract to produce goodscontract to sellcontract to sell goodscontract uberrimae fideicontract under handcontract under sealcontract workcontract year... смотреть

CONTRACT

n юр. контракт; угода; договір; a договірний; контрактний письмовий або усний договір, який визначає взаємні зобов'язання і права сторін згідно з нормами чинного законодавства; ♦ виділяють такі види контрактів, як, напр., двосторонній контракт (bilateral contract), за яким визначаються взаємні зобов'язання сторін; односторонній контракт (unilateral contract), за яким одна сторона обіцяє щось зробити на користь іншої сторони; усний контракт (oral contract), за яким сторони усно домовляються про умови; відкритий контракт (open contract), за яким не визначаються додаткові умови, а сторони співпрацюють у юридичному просторі чинних законів AAAA spot ~ типовий контракт на «точкову» рекламу; absolute ~ безумовний договір; acceptable ~ прийнятний контракт; accessory ~ допоміжний договір • договір, який випливає з основного договору; advertising ~ рекламний контракт; agency ~ агентська угода • договір доручення; aleatory ~ алеаторний договір • договір застави; associate ~ паралельний договір; basic ~ основний контракт; bilateral ~ двосторонній контракт; blanket ~ акордний контракт; brokerage ~ маклерський договір • договір представництва • агентський договір; broker's ~ агентський договір; buy-out ~ договір про викуп; cash ~ контракт на реальний товар • звичайний контракт; chartering ~ договір ф according to the ~ згідно з умовами контракту; ambiguity in ~ двозначність у контракті; as per ~ згідно з контрактом; ~ between part owners контракт між співвласниками; ~ bond контрактна гарантія; ~ by deed угода, затверджена печаткою • контракт, зумовлений дією; ~ costing калькуляція вартості контракту; ~ date строк, застережений контрактом; ~ documents документи контракту; ~ for carriage контракт на перевезення; ~ for construction договір на будівництво; ~ for delivery договір на постачання; ~ for lease of property угода про винаймання майна; ~ form бланк контракту; ~ guarantee гарантія контракту; ~ in restraint of trade договір про обмеження конкуренції ═════════◇═════════ контракт < нім. Kontrakt < лат. contractus — стягання; здійснення; угода; договір; контракт (ЕСУМ 2 : 557) ▹▹ «agreement»... смотреть

CONTRACT

Юридически закрепленное соглашение. Соглашение является результатом предложения (offer) и принятия его (acceptance), однако для того, чтобы это соглашение приобрело юридическую силу, необходимо, чтобы оно удовлетворяло ряду других требований. Должно подразумеваться возмещение (Consideration) (если контракт не оформлен в виде скрепленного подписями и печатями документа (deed)); стороны должны выразить намерение вступить в юридические отношения; стороны должны быть дееспособными для заключения контракта (т.е. они должны располагать полномочиями принимать на себя юридическую ответственность, быть совершеннолетними, психически здоровыми и, в момент заключения контракта, трезвыми); соглашение должно отвечать всем формальным правовым требованиям; соглашение должно быть законным (см.: illegal contract (незаконный контракт)); и соглашение не должно содержать пунктов, из-за которых оно может быть признано недействительным на основании каких-либо положений общего права или законодательного права, либо каких-нибудь внутренних изъянов. В целом не существует каких-либо особых формальностей для того, чтобы заключить контракт, имеющий юридическую силу. Договор может быть устным, письменным или отчасти устным и отчасти письменным, и даже может быть подразумеваемым, исходя из поведения. Однако некоторые договоры признаются действительными только тогда, когда они оформлены в виде скрепленного печатями и подписями документа (например, передача акций компаний, учрежденных особыми актами парламента, передача акций британских судоходных компаний, юридически оформленные залоги и закладные (mortgages), некоторые виды договоров об аренде) или в письменном виде (например, соглашение о покупке в рассрочку (hire-purchase agreements), переводные векселя (bills of exchange), простые векселя, договоры о продаже земли, совершенной после 21 сентября 1989 г.). Некоторые договоры, действительные сами по себе, могут приобрести юридическую силу, только если они имеют подтверждение свидетелей, сделанное в письменной форме (например, гарантии, договоры о продаже земли, совершенной до 21 сентября 1989 г.).... смотреть

CONTRACT

See: сущ. 1) эк., юр. договор, соглашение, контракт а)(устное или письменное соглашение между двумя и более сторонами, направленное на установление, изменение или прекращение гражданских прав или обязанностей) to be in breach of contract - быть не в состоянии выполнить условия контракта, to avoid (void, rescind, cancel) contract - аннулировать (расторгнуть) контракт, to repudiate contract - отказаться от контракта, расторгнуть контракт, to break (infringe) contract - нарушать контракт, to complete contract - исполнить контракт, to conclude (make, effect, celebrate enter into) contract - заключить контракт, to consider contract - рассматривать контракт, to draw up contract (to contract) - составлять контракт, to draft (draw up) contract - составлять проект контракта, to perform contract - выполнить (исполнить) контракт, to enter into contract - заключить договор, вступить в договор, according to contract, in accordance with contract - в соответствии с договором, согласно условиям договора, contrary to contract, in violation of contract - в нарушение контракта, default on contract - неисполнение контракта, delivery under contract - поставка по контракту, under the terms of the contract - согласно условиям контракта, should the contract be terminated (cancelled) - в случае расторжения контракта, within limits of contract - в рамках контрактных обязательств, terms and conditions of contract - условия контракта, amount of contract - сумма контракта б) амер. (согласно определению Единообразного торгового кодекса США, всеохватывающие законные обязательства, которые вытекают из соглашения двух сторон) See: Uniform Commercial Code 2) общ., сленг затея, предприятие, дело, авантюра (особенно - криминальное) 3) общ., сленг договоренность об убийстве, заказ на убийство (наемному убийце) For almost a year she has been in hiding from him, because he has a contract out on her life. - Почти год она от него скрывалась, потому он заплатил киллеру за ее убийство. 4) общ., сленг взятка, подкуп 5) марк. - trailer 2)... смотреть

CONTRACT

1) договор, соглашение, контракт; торг, купчая; подряд, поставка || заключать договор (соглашение)2) сжиматься, сокращаться, снижаться- as per contract... смотреть

CONTRACT

n 1. договор, соглашение, контракт;contract, legal - юридический договор;contract, social - общественный договор;contract, social collective - коллекти... смотреть

CONTRACT

1. подряд, контракт, договор 2. уплотнять; сжимать; стягивать (объем цемента) 3. давать усадку 4. спекаться — gas purchase contract * * *договор; к... смотреть

CONTRACT

transcription, транскрипция: [ ̘. ̈n.ˈkɔntrækt ] договор ; контракт ; подряд ; обязательство ; ~ contract award ; ~ contract bonus system ; ~ contract labour ; ~ contract of association ; ~ contract of employment ; ~ contract of indemnity ; ~ contract of sale ; ~ contract operations ; ~ contract price ; ~ contract research ; ~ contract services ; ~ contract shops ; ~ contract system ; ~ contract terms ; ~ contract work ; ~ award a contract ; ~ collective contract ; ~ compensation for termination of a contract ; ~ cost-plus-fixed-fee contract ; ~ discharge of a contract ; ~ dual-rate contract ; ~ fixed-term contract ; ~ freedom of contract ; ~ formal contracts ; ~ forward contracts ; ~ incidental contract ; ~ installation contract ; ~ loan contract ; ~ marine insurance contracts ; ~ partial turnkey contract ; ~ purchase contracts ; ~ pure licence contract ; ~ sales contract ; ~ standard contract ; ~ turnkey contract ; ~ umbrella contract ; ~ unilateral contract ;... смотреть

CONTRACT

contract: translation contract An oral or written agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable by law. In order to be valid, a contract... смотреть

CONTRACT

I n договір, угода, контракт - international ~ міжнародна угода, міжнародний контракт - temporary ~ тимчасовий договір, тимчасова угода - verbal ~ усний договір/ контракт, усна угода - breach of ~ порушення договору/ угоди - to accept a ~ прийняти угоду - to annul a ~ анулювати угоду - to approve a ~ схвалити/ затвердити угоду/ контракт - to break a ~ порушити договір/ угоду - to draw up a ~ скласти договір/ угоду - to enter into a ~ with smbd. укласти договір/ угоду з кимсь - to make a ~ with smbd. укласти договір/ угоду з кимсь II v 1. укласти договір, угоду, котракт 2. укласти союз тощо - to ~ an alliance with укласти союз з іноземною державою... смотреть

CONTRACT

заключать договор, соглашение; принимать на себя обязательство; заводить, завязать (дружбу и пр); приобретать (привычку); заразиться, заболеть делать долги; оказываться связанным обязательствами хмурить, морщить; уменьшаться в размерах; объединять в себе, стягивать контракт, договор; соглашение; брачный договор; помолвка, обручение coll. предприятие (особ. строительное) (attr.) договорный contracted - помолвленный; обусловленный договором, договорный; сморщенный; нахмуренный; узкий, ограниченный (о взглядах); суженный... смотреть

CONTRACT

1) контракт2) аккордный3) контрактовый4) сокращаться5) суживать6) суживаться7) сжиматься8) стягивать9) свертывать10) заключать11) договор12) сдельная п... смотреть

CONTRACT

I. v1) договір, контракт2) заручини, зарученняII vстискати(ся), скорочувати(ся); судомити (про м'язи)2) хмурити, насуплювати; морщити3) укладати (дого... смотреть

CONTRACT

контракт, договор - assignment contract - brokerage contract - contract of sale - employment contract - exclusive licensing contract - exclusive selling contract - express contract - implied contract - international licensing contract - know-how contract - license contract - monopoly contract - patent contract - patent licensing contract - patent pooling contract - sale contract - to conclude a contract - verbal contract - void license contract... смотреть

CONTRACT

te s.n. контракт т.;договор т.;соглашение п.; contract colectiv — коллективный дбговбр;contract de vînzarecitmpărare — договор о купле-продаже;contract de închiriere — договор о найме;contract prealabil — предварительный дбговбр;contract editorial — издательский договор;а încheia un contract — заключить дбговбр / контракт;a rezilia un contract — растбргнуть договор / контракт;pe bază de contract — на договорных началах.... смотреть

CONTRACT

1. nконтракт, угода, підряд2. vукладати контракт•- contract of air transportation- contract of carriage

CONTRACT

контракт ( набор четко определенных условий, регулирующих отношения между классом-сервером ( supplier ) и его клиентами( client ); включает индивидуальные контракты для всех экспортируемых членов класса, представленные пред- и постусловиями ( precondition и postcondition ), а также глобальные свойства класса, выраженные в инварианте класса; см. тж design by contract ) - domain contract - model-based contract... смотреть

CONTRACT

сущ.1) договор, соглашение, контракт;- legal contract[/m]- social contract[/m]- social collective contract[/m]- contract of insurance[/m]2) брачный кон... смотреть

CONTRACT

• 1) /vi/ заключать контракт; 2) /vt/ заключать; 3) /vt, in passive/ заключать; 4) /vt, in passive/ законтрактовать • контракт

CONTRACT

1) договор, контракт, соглашение || заключать договор или контракт 2) подряд || брать подряд, подряжаться 3) сжимать(ся), сокращать(ся) 4) лингв. стягиваться 5) метал давать усадку • terms of contract — условия контракта to draw up a contract — составлять контракт to sign a contract — подписывать контракт - turnkey contract... смотреть

CONTRACT

1заключать контракт2заключить контракт3свернуть4свертывать5сжимать; сжиматься; сокращать; сокращаться

CONTRACT

Contract: übersetzungContract ist ein Vertrag, der seine rechtliche Begründung durch die gegenseitige Einwilligung derer, die ihn schließen, erhält. Ma... смотреть

CONTRACT

• 1) /vi/ заключать контракт; 2) /vt/ контрактовать; 3) /vt/ законтрактовать; 4) /vt/ свертывать • контракт

CONTRACT

transcription, транскрипция: [ ̘. ̈n.ˈkɔntrækt ]contract n AmE sl His first contract was to kill that judge Первым по заказу он убил судью The mob put ... смотреть

CONTRACT

• Covenant • Term paper? • Written agreement • A binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law • A variety of bridge in whi... смотреть

CONTRACT

договор ; контракт ; подряд ; обязательство ; ? contract award ; ? contract bonus system ; ? contract labour ; ? contract of association ; ? contract of employment ; ? contract of indemnity ; ? contract of sale ; ? contract operations ; ? contract price <br>... смотреть

CONTRACT

Договірконтрактскоротити(ся)стиснути(ся)скорочувати(ся)згортати(ся)стискати(ся)згорнути(ся)

CONTRACT

контракт || заключать контракт— air carriage contract — airport handling contract — bulk contract

CONTRACT

contract: translation v. [L. cum, with; trahere, to draw] To draw together; to reduce in size; to shrink; contractile adj..

CONTRACT

n AmE sl His first contract was to kill that judge — Первым по заказу он убил судью The mob put out a contract on the man's life — Банда объявила, что заплатит тому, кто убьет этого человека... смотреть

CONTRACT

̘. ̈n.ˈkɔntræktдоговор, соглашение, контракт заключать договор, соглашение, сделку, принимать на себя обязательства, сжимать(ся), сокращать(ся)

CONTRACT

договірконтракт скоротити(СЃСЏ) стиснути(СЃСЏ) скорочувати(СЃСЏ) згортати(СЃСЏ) стискати(СЃСЏ) згорнути(СЃСЏ)... смотреть

CONTRACT

v. заключать договор, заключать соглашение; подряжаться; вступать, завязывать; приобретать, получать, подхватывать болезнь; сокращаться, сужаться, спекаться, давать усадку... смотреть

CONTRACT

мед.гл. сокращать; заключать договор; заразиться инф болезнью, контракт контрактный * * * сокращаться Англо-русский медицинский словарь.2012.

CONTRACT

1) сокращаться, сжиматься 2) заразиться * * *заразиться

CONTRACT

угода; угода підряду; контракт; підряд

CONTRACT

n. договор, соглашение, контракт, подряд, брачный договор, помолвка, обручение; предприятие

CONTRACT

Contract договор, контракт, сокращение; заключать контракт; сокращать(ся)

CONTRACT

m магазин / сеть магазинов "Всё для дома" Итальяно-русский словарь.2003.

CONTRACT

- royalty contract

CONTRACT

(n) договор; единица торговли на срочной бирже; контракт; соглашение

CONTRACT

(v) заключать контракт; нанимать; нанять; подрядиться; сокращаться

CONTRACT

договор, контракт, сокращение; заключать контракт; сокращать(ся)

CONTRACT

договор, контракт, заключать договор, принимать обязанность

CONTRACT

лингв. стягивать

CONTRACT

1. сжимать(ся), сокращать(ся) 2. спекаться

CONTRACT

підрядний, умова, контракт, угода, договір

CONTRACT

Договор

CONTRACT

договор

CONTRACT

контракт; договор; соглашение

CONTRACT

(a) контрактный

CONTRACT

контракт m

CONTRACT

заключить

CONTRACT

договор

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